Skip to main content
Research Article

Art Therapy as a Nursing Intervention for Individuals With Schizophrenia

    Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 2024;62(5):29–38
    Cite this articlePublished Online:https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20231025-02Cited by:1

    Abstract

    The aim of the current study was to determine the effects of group art therapy on clinical symptoms, alexithymia, and quality of life among people with schizophrenia. This single-blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed with 66 individuals with schizophrenia from a community mental health center in western Turkey between September 2021 and February 2022. Following art therapy, the intervention group had lower severity of positive, negative, and general psycho-pathology symptoms; lower levels of alexithymia; and higher levels of psychological health, social relationships, and total quality of life than the control group; and the difference between groups was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Results reveal that art therapy combined with pharmacological therapy contributes to good clinical outcomes among individuals with schizophrenia. This evidence can guide psychiatric nurses to use art therapy to reduce psychopathology severity and increase functionality and quality of life among individuals with schizophrenia. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 62(5), 29–38.]

    • Aker S., & Kahve A. C. (2022). What do psychiatrists think about renaming schizophrenia in Turkey? Schizophrenia Research, 248, 8–13. 10.1016/j.schres.2022.07.009 PMID:35907348

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Aladashvili T. (2017). Art therapy for patients in acute psychotic episodes. European Psychiatry, 41, 377. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.400

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Arnon-Ribenfeld N., Hasson-Ohayon I., Lavidor M., Atzil-Slonim D., & Lysaker P. H. (2017). The association between meta-cognitive abilities and outcome measures among people with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 46, 33–41. 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.08.002 PMID:28992534

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Bagby R. M., Taylor G. J., & Parker J. D. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—II. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38(1), 33–40. 10.1016/0022-3999(94)90006-X PMID:8126688

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Bozzatello P., Bellino S., De Marzi G., Macrì A., Piterà R., Montemagni C., & Rocca P. (2019). Effectiveness of psychosocial treatments on symptoms and functional domains in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: A prospective study in a real-world setting. Disability and Rehabilitation, 41(23), 2799–2806. 10.1080/09638288.2018.1480666 PMID:29986607

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • British Association of Art Therapists. (2015). What is art therapy? https://www.baat.org/about-art-therapy/

      > Google Scholar
    • Butcher H. K., Bulechek G. M., Dochterman J. M., & Wagner C. M. (2018). Nursing interventions classification (7th ed.). Elsevier.

      > Google Scholar
    • Chan A. W., Tetzlaff J. M., Altman D. G., Laupacis A., Gøtzsche P. C., Krleža-Jerić K., Hróbjartsson A., Mann H., Dickersin K., Berlin J. A., Doré C. J., Parulekar W. R., Summerskill W. S. M., Groves T., Schulz K. F., Sox H. C., Rockhold F. W., Rennie D., & Moher D. (2013). SPIRIT 2013 statement: Defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Annals of Internal Medicine, 158(3), 200–207. 10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583 PMID:23295957

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Chiang M., Reid-Varley W. B., & Fan X. (2019). Creative art therapy for mental illness. Psychiatry Research, 275, 129–136. 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.025 PMID:30901671

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Cho J. M., & Lee K. (2018). Effects of motivation interviewing using a group art therapy program on negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(6), 878–884. 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.07.002 PMID:30454632

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Cho M., & Jang S. J. (2019). Effect of an emotion management programme for patients with schizophrenia: A quasi-experimental design. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 28(2), 592–604. 10.1111/inm.12565 PMID:30585413

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Crawford M. J., Killaspy H., Barnes T. R., Barrett B., Byford S., Clayton K., Dinsmore J., Floyd S., Hoadley A., Johnson T., Kalaitzaki E., King M., Leurent B., Maratos A., O'Neill F. A., Osborn D. P., Patterson S., Soteriou T., Tyrer P., Waller D., & the MATISSE Project Team. (2012). Group art therapy as an adjunctive treatment for people with schizophrenia: Multicentre pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 344, e846. 10.1136/bmj.e846 PMID:22374932

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • de Pinho L. M. G., Pereira A. M. S., & Chaves C. M. C. B. (2018). Quality of life in schizophrenic patients: The influence of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and satisfaction with social support. Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, 40(3), 202–209. 10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0002 PMID:29538474

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Desalegn D., Girma S., & Abdeta T. (2020). Quality of life and its association with psychiatric symptoms and socio-demographic characteristics among people with schizophrenia: A hospital-based cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 15(2), e0229514. 10.1371/journal.pone.0229514 PMID:32092123

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Deshmukh S. R., Holmes J., & Cardno A. (2018). Art therapy for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9(9), CD011073. 10.1002/14651858.CD011073.pub2 PMID:30215847

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Eldridge S.M., Chan C. L., Campbell M. J., Bond C. M., Hopewell S., Thabane L., & Lancaster G. A. (2016). CONSORT 2010 statement: Extension to randomised pilot and feasibility trials. British Medical Journal, 355, i5239. 10.1136/bmj.i5239

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Eser E., Fidaner H., Fidaner C., Eser S. Y., Elbi H., & Göker E. (1999). WHOQOL-BREF TR: A suitable instrument for the assessment of quality of life for use in the health care settings in Turkey. Quality of Life Research, 8(7), 647.

      > Google Scholar
    • Fenner P., Abdelazim R. S., Bräuninger I., Strehlow G., & Seifert K. (2017). Provision of arts therapies for people with severe mental illness. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30(4), 306–311. 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000338 PMID:28441170

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Fogley R., Warman D., & Lysaker P. H. (2014). Alexithymia in schizophrenia: Associations with neurocognition and emotional distress. Psychiatry Research, 218(1–2), 1–6. 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.04.020 PMID:24794152

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • García-Fernández L., Romero-Ferreiro V., Sánchez-Pastor L., Dompablo M., Martínez-Gras I., Espejo-Saavedra J. M., Rentero D., Aparicio A. I., Alvarez-Mon M. A., Lahera G., Lee J., Santos J. L., & Rodriguez-Jimenez R. (2022). Impact of negative symptoms on functioning and quality of life in first psychotic episodes of schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(4), 983. 10.3390/jcm11040983 PMID:35207256

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Gawęda Ł., & Krężołek M. (2019). Cognitive mechanisms of alexithymia in schizophrenia: Investigating the role of basic neurocognitive functioning and cognitive biases. Psychiatry Research, 271, 573–580. 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.023 PMID:30554105

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Gulec H., Kose S., Gulec M. Y., Citak S., Evren C., Borckardt J., & Sayar K. (2009). Reliability and factorial validity of the Turkish version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS–20). Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni, 19, 214–220.

      > Google Scholar
    • Han D., Li M., Mei M., & Sun X. (2018). The functional and structural characteristics of the emotion network in alexithymia. Neuro-psychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 991–998. 10.2147/NDT.S154601 PMID:29695908

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Hanevik H., Hestaf K. A., Lien L., Teglbjaerg H. S., & Danbolt L. J. (2013). Expressive art therapy for psychosis: A multiple case study. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 40(3), 312–321. 10.1016/j.aip.2013.05.011

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • He C., Zhang X., Xia Q., Gao H., Yan J., Chen X., Yuan H., Zhang Y., Xie W., & Zhu C. (2022). Exploring the link between cognitive deficit, self-esteem, alexithymia, and depressive symptom of schizophrenia. Brain and Behavior, 12, e2648. 10.1002/brb3.2648 PMID:35676241

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • He H., Liu Q., Li N., Guo L., Gao F., Bai L., Gao F., & Lyu J. (2020). Trends in the incidence and DALYs of schizophrenia at the global, regional and national levels: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 29, e91. 10.1017/S2045796019000891 PMID:31928566

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Hogan S. (2015). Art therapy theories: A critical introduction(1st ed.). Routledge. 10.4324/9781315738055

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Holttum S., & Huet V. (2014). The MATISSE trial–A critique: Does art therapy really have nothing to offer people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. SAGE Open, 4, 1–11. 10.1177/2158244014532930

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Hsu M. C., & Ouyang W. C. (2021). Effects of integrated violence intervention on alexithymia, cognitive, and neurocognitive features of violence in schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Sciences, 11(7), 837. 10.3390/brainsci11070837 PMID:34202608

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Hu J., Zhang J., Hu L., Yu H., & Xu J. (2021). Art therapy: A complementary treatment for mental disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 686005. 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.686005 PMID:34456801

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • İnanç L., Sevinç E., & Semiz U. B. (2019). Relationship between alexithymia, depression and the negative symptoms in schizophrenia with and without deficit syndrome. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 30(4), 225–235. 10.5080/u23204 PMID:32594483

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Ishii Y., Tomotake M., Chiba S., Tsutsumi R., Aono M., & Taguchi K. (2022). Relationship between quality of life and clinical factors in inpatients with schizophrenia. The Journal of Medical Investigation, 69, 80–85. 10.2152/jmi.69.80 PMID:35466151

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Kafarov T. A., Aliev N. A., & Aliyev Z. N. (2020). A study of alexithymia in schizophrenia and some somatic diseases. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S. S. Korsakova, 120(4), 36–40. 10.17116/jnevro202012004136 PMID:32490616

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Karow A., Wittmann L., Schöttle D., Schäfer I., & Lambert M. (2014). The assessment of quality of life in clinical practice in patients with schizophrenia. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 16(2), 185–195. 10.31887/DCNS.2014.16.2/akarow PMID:25152657

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Kay S. R., Fiszbein A., & Opler L. A. (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(2), 261–276. 10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 PMID:3616518

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Kim G. U., & Jung E. Y. (2018). An integrative literature review of quality of life intervention programs for patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Korean Academy of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 27(1), 28–39. 10.12934/jkpmhn.2018.27.1.28

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Kim K. H., & Kim T. W. (2017). A case study of art therapy on the quality of life for chronic schizophrenic patient. Korean Journal of Art Therapy, 24(6), 1531–1555. 10.35594/kata.2017.24.6.008

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Kostakoglu E., Batur S., Tiryaki A., & Gogus A. (1999). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Turkish Journal of Psychology, 14, 23–32.

      > Google Scholar
    • Kubota M., Miyata J., Sasamoto A., Kawada R., Fujimoto S., Tanaka Y., Sawamoto N., Fukuyama H., Takahashi H., & Murai T. (2012). Alexithymia and reduced white matter integrity in schizophrenia: A diffusion tensor imaging study on impaired emotional self-awareness. Schizophrenia Research, 141(2–3), 137–143. 10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.026 PMID:22986045

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Lally J., & MacCabe J. H. (2015). Antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia: A review. British Medical Bulletin, 114(1), 169–179. 10.1093/bmb/ldv017 PMID:25957394

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Laranjeira C., Campos C., Bessa A., Neves G., & Marques M. I. (2019). Mental health recovery through art therapy: A pilot study in Portuguese acute inpatient setting. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(5), 399–404. 10.1080/01612840.2018.1563255 PMID:30943062

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Lee S. K., Lee J. S., Shin Y. B., Kim H. E., Kim B. H., & Kim J. J. (2021). The relationship between ambivalence, alexithymia, and salience network dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 310, 111271. 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111271 PMID:33711658

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Leurent B., Killaspy H., Osborn D. P., Crawford M. J., Hoadley A., Waller D., & King M. (2014). Moderating factors for the effectiveness of group art therapy for schizophrenia: Secondary analysis of data from the MATISSE randomised controlled trial. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(11), 1703–1710. 10.1007/s00127-014-0876-2 PMID:24723218

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Lieberman J. A., & First M. B. (2018). Psychotic disorders. The New England Journal of Medicine, 379(3), 270–280. 10.1056/NEJMra1801490 PMID:30021088

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Lim E., Park S. Y., Jang S. H., Bahk W. M., Kwon Y. J., Yoon B. H., Lee K., & Lee S. Y. (2020). The effects of group arts therapy based on emotion management training on the emotional expression, alexithymia, depression and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 46(Suppl. 1), 206–207. 10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.497

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Luminet O., Nielson K. A., & Ridout N. (2021). Having no words for feelings: Alexithymia as a fundamental personality dimension at the interface of cognition and emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 35, 435–448. 10.1080/02699931.2021.1916442 PMID:33900884

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Luo H., Zhao Y., Fan F., Fan H., Wang Y., Qu W., Wang Z., Tan Y., Zhang X., & Tan S. (2021). A bottom-up model of functional outcome in schizophrenia. Scientific Reports, 11, 7577. 10.1038/s41598-021-87172-4 PMID:33828168

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Lynch S., Holttum S., & Huet V. (2019). The experience of art therapy for individuals following a first diagnosis of a psychotic disorder: A grounded theory study. International Journal of Art Therapy: Inscape, 24(1), 1–11. 10.1080/17454832.2018.1475498

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • McGillivray L., Becerra R., & Harms C. (2017). Prevalence and demographic correlates of alexithymia: A comparison between Australian psychiatric and community samples. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(1), 76–87. 10.1002/jclp.22314 PMID:27129142

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Menear M., & Briand C. (2014). Implementing a continuum of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for people with severe mental illness: Part 1-review of major initiatives and implementation strategies. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(4), 178–186. 10.1177/070674371405900402 PMID:25007110

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Montag C., Haase L., Seidel D., Bayerl M., Gallinat J., Herrmann U., & Dannecker K. (2014). A pilot RCT of psychodynamic group art therapy for patients in acute psychotic episodes: Feasibility, impact on symptoms and mentalising capacity. PLoS One, 9(11), e112348. 10.1371/journal.pone.0112348 PMID:25393414

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. (2014). Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: Prevention and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg178/

      > Google Scholar
    • Ospina L. H., Shanahan M., Perez-Rodriguez M. M., Chan C. C., Clari R., & Burdick K. E. (2019). Alexithymia predicts poorer social and everyday functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Research, 273, 218–226. 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.01.033 PMID:30658205

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Pachi A., Tselebis A., Ilias I., Tsomaka E., Papageorgiou S. M., Baras S., Kavouria E., & Giotakis K. (2022). Aggression, alexithymia and sense of coherence in a sample of schizophrenic outpatients. Healthcare (Basel), 10, 1078. 10.3390/healthcare10061078 PMID:35742130

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Padala O., Krupa A., Putowski M., Konopelko M., & Piasek E. (2019). The efficacy of art therapy in psychiatric patients. Journal of Education, Health and Sport, 9(8), 377–383. 10.5281/zenodo.3376782

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Pec O., Bob P., Pec J., & Hrubcova A. (2018). Psychodynamic day treatment programme for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Dynamics and predictors of therapeutic change. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 91(2), 157–168. 10.1111/papt.12153 PMID:28901691

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Qiu H. Z., Ye Z. J., Liang M. Z., Huang Y. Q., Liu W., & Lu Z. D. (2017). Effect of an art brut therapy program called go beyond the schizophrenia (GBTS) on prison inmates with schizophrenia in mainland China: A randomized, longitudinal, and controlled trial. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 24(5), 1069–1078. 10.1002/cpp.2069 PMID:28078741

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Rahm C., Liberg B., Reckless G., Ousdal O., Melle I., Andreassen O. A., & Agartz I. (2015). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia show association with amygdala volumes and neural activation during affective processing. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 27(4), 213–220. 10.1017/neu.2015.11 PMID:25777814

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Richardson P., Jones K., Evans C., Stevens P., & Rowe A. (2007). Exploratory RCT of art therapy as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Health (Abingdon, England), 16(4), 483–491. 10.1080/09638230701483111

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Ruiz M. I., Aceituno D., & Rada G. (2017). Art therapy for schizophrenia? Medwave, 17(Suppl. 1), e6845. 10.5867/medwave.2017.6845 PMID:28112711

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Savill M., Orfanos S., Reininghaus U., Wykes T., Bentall R., & Priebe S. (2016). The relationship between experiential deficits of negative symptoms and subjective quality of life in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 176(2–3), 387–391. 10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.017 PMID:27328889

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Skevington S. M., Lotfy M., O'Connell K. A., & the WHOQOL Group. (2004). The World Health Organization's WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment: Psychometric properties and results of the international field trial. A report from the WHOQOL group. Quality of Life Research, 13(2), 299–310. 10.1023/B:QURE.0000018486.91360.00 PMID:15085902

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Stentzel U., van den Berg N., Moon K., Schulze L. N., Schulte J., Langosch J. M., Hoffmann W., & Grabe H. J. (2021). Telemedical care and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Results of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 21, 318. 10.1186/s12888-021-03318-8 PMID:34187420

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Tang X. W., Yu M., Duan W. W., Zhang X. R., Sha W. W., Wang X., & Zhang X. B. (2016). Facial emotion recognition and alexithymia in Chinese male patients with deficit schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 246, 353–359. 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.055 PMID:27770713

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Tayeb H. O., Murad H. A., Rafeeq M. M., & Tarazi F. I. (2019). Pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: Toward a metabolomic-based approach. CNS Spectrums, 24, 281–286. 10.1017/S1092852918000962 PMID:29866209

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Teglbjaerg H. S. (2011). Art therapy may reduce psychopathology in schizophrenia by strengthening the patients' sense of self: A qualitative extended case report. Psychopathology, 44(5), 314–318. 10.1159/000325025 PMID:21659793

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Thompson H. M., Reisner S. L., VanKim N., & Raymond H. F. (2015). Quality-of-life measurement: Assessing the WHOQOLBREF scale in a sample of high-HIV-risk transgender women in San Francisco, California. International Journal of Transgenderism, 16(1), 36–48. 10.1080/15532739.2015.1039176 PMID:27110225

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Tong J., Yu W., Fan X., Sun X., Zhang J., Zhang J., & Zhang T. (2021). Impact of group art therapy using traditional Chinese materials on self-efficacy and social function for individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 571124. 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.571124 PMID:33551897

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Ustundag M. F., Gulec H., Inanc L., Sevinc E., & Semiz U. B. (2020). Is alexithymia a separate dimension in schizophrenia? Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(6), 565–571. 10.5455/apd.85663

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Vaartio-Rajalin H., Santamäki-Fischer R., Jokisalo P., & Fagerström L. (2020). Art making and expressive art therapy in adult health and nursing care: A scoping review. International Journal of Nursing Sciences, 8(1), 102–119. 10.1016/j.ijnss.2020.09.011 PMID:33575451

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Valle R. (2020). Schizophrenia in ICD-11: Comparison of ICD-10 and DSM-5. Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Ed.), 13(2), 95–104. 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2020.01.002 PMID:32336596

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • van der Velde J., Swart M., van Rijn S., van der Meer L., Wunderink L., Wiersma D., Krabbendam L., Bruggeman R., & Aleman A. (2015). Cognitive alexithymia is associated with the degree of risk for psychosis. PLoS One, 10(6), e0124803. 10.1371/journal.pone.0124803 PMID:26030357

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Völker J. S., & Micluia I. V. (2022). An overview of the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews, 18(2), 88–93. 10.2174/2666082218666220401144747

      > CrossrefGoogle Scholar
    • Vrbova K., Prasko J., Holubova M., Slepecky M., & Ociskova M. (2018). Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia and their relation to depression, anxiety, hope, self-stigma and personality traits: A cross-sectional study. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 39(1), 9–18. 10.26226/morressier.5a7070e4d462b80290b566dc PMID:29604619

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • WHOQOL Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychological Medicine, 28(3), 551–558. 10.1017/S0033291798006667 PMID:9626712

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • Wójciak P., & Rybakowski J. (2018). Clinical picture, pathogenesis and psychometric assessment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Psychiatria Polska, 52(2), 185–197. 10.12740/PP/70610 PMID:29975360

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar
    • World Health Organization. (2022). Schizophrenia. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia/

      > Google Scholar
    • Yi Y., Huang Y., Jiang R., Chen Q., Yang M., Li H., Feng Y., Feng S., Zhou S., Zhang L., Ning Y., Li Z., & Wu F. (2023). The percentage and clinical correlates of alexithymia in stable patients with schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 273(3), 679–686. 10.1007/s00406-022-01492-8 PMID:36239818

      > Crossref MedlineGoogle Scholar

    We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. For a complete overview of all the cookies used, please see our privacy policy.

    ×